From DLP to DSPM: Why Visibility Without Enforcement Is the Next Great Security Gap

Classification identifies risk, but it does not mitigate it. While many organizations treat discovery as the end of their security journey, true Zero Trust requires moving from "knowing" to "enforcing." For a comprehensive guide to securing these assets once they are found, explore our guide to protecting sensitive unstructured data.

A recent survey of 200 CISOs revealed a glaring gap: Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) implementations are not the “magic bullet” many had hoped for. The failure isn't in the identity verification; it’s in what happens after the access is granted. If your strategy stops at discovery and network gating, you are essentially identifying your most valuable assets and then leaving them in clear text for any "authorized" user—or compromised account—to exploit.

The Common Assumption: Visibility and Classification are Equivalent to Protection

Most security teams assume that the hardest part of data governance is finding the data. They believe that once they have scanned their repositories, mapped their attack surface, and applied labels such as "Internal" or "Restricted," the Zero Trust mandate has been met.

This mindset relies on three faulty pillars:

• The Metadata Fallacy: The belief that a "Secret" label on a file will stop a motivated insider or a malicious AI agent from reading the content.

• The Passive Perimeter: The assumption that ZTNA will keep unauthorized people away from the "labeled" data, making active protection within the file unnecessary.

• Discovery as a Goal: Treating the "Data Inventory" as the final deliverable rather than the starting point for cryptographic enforcement.

Why the "Discovery-First" Logic Fails to Stop Data Exfiltration

The problem with a discovery-only approach is that it is purely informational. Labels do not stop leaks. When Zero Trust principles are not applied directly to the data layer, you create a "Governance Cliff."

• Labels don't follow the data: Once an authorized user downloads a "Restricted" document, that label often loses its enforcement power outside of the corporate Document Management System (DMS).

• The "Authorized" Leak: ZTNA gates the connection, but it cannot prevent a verified user from copying sensitive text from a classified document into an unvetted AI prompt.

• Automation Gaps: Manual classification is impossible at scale, but even automated classification is useless if it doesn't trigger an immediate, technical lockdown of the sensitive fields discovered.

What Actually Happens: The Reality of "Known but Unprotected" Data

In a typical "well-governed" environment, an automated scanner identifies thousands of files containing PII and correctly labels them. The CISO sees a green checkmark on the "Discovery" dashboard.

However, because those files are not encrypted at the field level, they remain vulnerable. If an attacker gains access to a single "authorized" service account, they can exfiltrate all the data they discover in clear text. The discovery tool successfully documented the theft, but the sensitive unstructured data protection layer was missing. You didn't eliminate the "unknown unknowns" - you simply made your vulnerabilities known to yourself and the attacker at the same time.

Why This Matters Now: Moving from Discovery to Data-Centric Zero Trust

Data proliferation, especially unstructured data in AI pipelines, has made legacy classification models obsolete. Regulatory frameworks such as GDPR and HIPAA now prioritize "technical prevention" over "administrative awareness."

Organizations must adopt a Data-Centric Zero Trust approach where discovery triggers immediate, automated enforcement. It is no longer enough to know where the PII is; you must ensure that, even if a network segment is breached or a credential is stolen, the data itself remains cryptographically opaque to unauthorized actors. This is how you achieve the Shift-Up Zero Trust model.

The Missing Control Layer: Automating the Path from Scan to Shield

The gap in modern security is the bridge between Classification and Enforcement. True protection requires that discovery leads immediately to selective encryption.

• The Zero Trust Data Maturity Model:Measure: Map the attack surface and identify "known unknowns."

• Classify: Prioritize data based on sensitivity (PII, IP, PHI).

• Enforce: Automatically apply field-level encryption so the data protects itself.

• Audit: Maintain immutable logs of who (or what) attempted to access the protected fields.

Key Takeaways

• Discovery is a means, not an end: Knowing where data lives is only useful if you have a plan to lock it down.

• Labels are not armor: Classification tells you what to protect; it does not do the protecting.

• Automation is mandatory: Use AI-driven tools to find, tag, and encrypt in one seamless motion.

• Zero Trust belongs to the data: If your security doesn't travel with the file, you haven't achieved Zero Trust.

Watch the Full Episode

For more insights into Zero Trust, data classification, and AI-driven protection, watch the full episode of teissTalk. Start building your data security strategy today and ensure that your Zero Trust journey addresses the gaps ZTNA leaves behind.